Tort Law Culture in the United Kingdom:

This article highlights two contrasting sets of images of tort that are dominant in UK culture. The first set reflects various aspects of the traditional portrayal of justice, which depicts tort as an independent ‘natural’ system of rules of universal application forming the foundation of a just society. The second group of images is more recent and relates to the perceived development of a damaging compensation culture. Focusing on personal injury litigation, we show, in different ways and to different degrees, how these portrayals differ from the reality of tort in practice. In explaining how tort actually operates we reveal significant features of the culture of tort. In practice it is heavily influenced by institutional arrangements: the importance of both welfare provision and liability insurance is highlighted, and the effects of a ‘no-win no-fee’ claims market are examined. The article reveals that the operation of tort is very much affected by commercial interests and the economic demands of the institutions which surround it. Overall we conclude that the cultural images of tort examined fail to reflect how the system of compensation for personal injury actually operates in practice. Although culture is very difficult to define, 1 we can say that tort rules, procedures and institutions both reflect and help determine the broad culture of the society of which they are a part. Concepts such as wrongdoing, causation, compensation and justice depend upon a cluster of popular beliefs and attitudes which are in turn  Cardiff Law School, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK 1 R Cotterrell, Law, Culture and Society (2006) 83.